Run results for: Remove Non-Printable ASCII. Regex vs Loop

Test name	Executions per second
✓ Regex	39,253 Ops/sec
Loop	11,851 Ops/sec
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const test_string = "Lesson 3  Creating the Constitution The Big Idea  A new constitution provided a framework for a stronger national government.  Main Ideas  ■ ■   The Constitutional Convention met to improve the govern- ment of the United States.  ■ ■   The issue of representation led to the Great Compromise.  ■ ■   Regional debate over slavery led to the Three-Fifths Compromise.  ■ ■   The U.S. Constitution  created   federalism and a   balance of power.  Key Terms and People  Constitutional Convention James Madison Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise popular sovereignty legislative branch executive branch judicial branch checks and balances federalism  If YOU were there . . .  You are a merchant in Connecticut in 1787. You have been a member of your state legislature for several years. This spring, the legislature is choosing delegates to a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Delegates will meet in Philadelphia. It means leaving your business in others’ hands for most of the summer. Still, you hope to be chosen.  Why would you want to go to the Constitutional Convention? Constitutional Convention  In February 1787 the Confederation Congress invited each state to send delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The goal of the meeting was to improve the Articles of Confederation. The   Constitutional Convention   was held in May 1787 in Philadelphia’s Independence Hall to improve the Articles of Confederation. However, delegates would leave with an entirely new U.S. Constitution. This decision angered some of the participants. Most delegates were well educated, and many had served in state legislatures or Congress. Benjamin   Franklin and   James Madison   were there. Revolutionary War hero George Washington was elected president of the Convention. Several important voices were absent. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson could not attend. Patrick Henry chose not to attend because he did not want a stronger central   government. Women, African Americans, and Native   Americans did not take part because they did not yet have the rights of citizens.  James Madison Reading Check  Summarize   What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention?  Module 5 164Great Compromise  Several issues divided the delegates to the Constitutional Conven- tion. Some members wanted only small changes to the Articles of Confederation, while others wanted to rewrite the Articles completely. Those delegates who wanted major changes to the Articles had different goals. For example, small and large states had different ideas about representation, economic concerns such as tariffs, and slavery. In addition, delegates disagreed over how strong to make the national government.  Virginia Plan   After the delegates had met for four days, Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented the   Virginia Plan . He proposed a new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government. The legislature would be bicameral—made up of two houses, or groups of representatives—and chosen on the basis of state populations. Larger states would thus have more representatives than would smaller states. Delegates from the smaller states believed that it would give too much power to the larger states.  Signing of the Constitution  This painting shows the signing of the Constitution on September 17, 1787. James Madison, number 4 on the diagram, became known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his ideas about government and his ability to lead the delegates to agreement. 1 Roger Sherman 2 Alexander Hamilton 3 Benjamin Franklin 4 James Madison 5 George Washington 6 James Wilson  1   2   3   4 6 5  Forming a Government   165New Jersey Plan   The smaller states came up with a plan to stop the larger states from getting too much power. New Jersey delegate William Paterson presented the small-state or   New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicam- eral, or one-house, legislature. The plan gave each state an equal number of votes, and thus an equal voice, in the federal government. The plan gave the federal government the power to tax citizens in all states, and it allowed the government to regulate commerce.  Compromise Is Reached   After a month of debate, the delegates were unable to agree on how states should be represented. The convention reached a deadlock. Finally, Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed a compromise plan. The legislative branch would have two houses. Each state, regardless of its size, would have two representatives in the Senate, or upper house. This would give each state an equal voice, pleasing the smaller states. In the House of Representatives, or lower house, the number of rep- resentatives for each state would be determined by the state’s population. This pleased the larger states. The agreement to create a two-house legislature became known as the   Great Compromise . James Wilson, a great speaker, saw his dream of a strong national government come true.  Three-Fifths Compromise  The debate over representation also involved regional differences. Southern delegates wanted enslaved Africans to be counted as part of their state populations. This way they would have more representatives, and more power, in Congress. Northern- ers disagreed. They wanted the number of slaves to determine taxes but not representation. To resolve this problem, some delegates thought of a compromise. They wanted to count three-fifths of the slaves in each state as part of that state’s population to decide how many representatives a state would have.  Roger Sherman James Wilson  Reading Check  Contrast   How did the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan differ?  Virginia Plan  •   Gave more power to national government  •   Bicameral legislature  •   Number in both houses based on population  Great Compromise  •   Bicameral legislature  •   Number of representatives based on state populations in lower house  •   Number of representatives equal from each state in upper house  New Jersey Plan  •   Gave more power to state governments  •   Unicameral legislature  •   Number of representatives equal from each state  Quick Facts  Module 5 166Reading Check  Summarize   What compromise was reached over the issue of the slave trade?  After much debate, the delegates voted to accept the   proposal, called the  Three-Fifths Compromise . Under this agreement only three-fifths of a state’s slave population would count when determining representation. Another major issue was the foreign slave trade. Some of the delegates believed slavery was wrong and wanted the federal government to ban the slave trade. Others said that the southern states’ economies needed the slave trade. Many southern delegates said they would leave the Union if the Constitution immediately ended the slave trade. Also at issue was Congress’s ability to tax imports and exports. Worried delegates reached another compromise. The Commerce  Compromises allowed Congress to levy tariffs on imports, but not exports, and allowed the importation of slaves until the end of 1807. The delegates omitted, or left out, the words   slavery   and   slave   in the Constitution. They referred instead to “free Persons” and “all other Persons.”  A New System of Government  Most of the delegates to the Convention wanted a stronger central govern- ment than the Articles of Confederation could provide. They believed it was necessary for the protection and administration of the group of states. But delegates also wanted to protect the individual rights that had been won in the Revolution. They wanted the new system of government to  support the ideals stated in the Declaration of Independence. The rights of citizens to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” are supported by the idea of   popular sovereignty . This is the idea that political authority is in the hands of the people. In the new nation, people would express this power through their votes. The power of government is   limited by the power of voters. In a republic, or representative democracy, the government consists of people elected by voters to represent them. This system requires government to depend on the consent of the   governed. Voters can limit the actions of government by removing representatives who do not truly work for their goals.  Checks and Balances   The delegates divided the power of the   central government among three branches, each having specific roles. This arrangement is known as the separation of powers. The   legislative branch , called Congress, is responsible for proposing and passing laws. It is made up of two houses, as created in the Great Compro- mise. The Senate and the House of Representatives have different rules governing how many   members represent each state, which helps balance the power between large and small states. The  executive branch   includes the president and the departments that help run the government. The executive branch makes sure that laws are carried out. The   judicial branch   is made up of all the national courts. This branch is responsible for interpreting laws, punishing criminals, and settling disputes between states. The framers of the Constitution created a system of   checks and  balances   that keeps any branch of government from becoming too  As the home and office of the president, the White House is today a well-known symbol of the executive branch of government. Forming a Government   167powerful. For example, Congress has the power to pass bills into law. The president has the power to veto, or reject, laws that Congress passes.  However, Congress can override the president’s veto with a two-thirds majority vote. The Supreme Court has the power to review laws passed by Congress and strike down any law that violates the Constitution.  Federalism   Even though many of the delegates wanted a stronger central government, they did not want to destroy state governments. State governments can be more sensitive to local concerns and traditions, and they can serve as laboratories for new ideas. To balance the power between these two types of government, the delegates created the system of   federalism . Federalism divides the powers of government between a central government and the states that make up a nation. Under the previ- ous confederal system, states were only loosely joined together. The Constitution requires each state to obey the authority of the   federal, or national, government. States have control over government functions not specifically assigned to the federal government. These include control of local government, education, the chartering of   corporations, and the  supervision of religious bodies. States also have the power to create and  oversee civil and criminal law. States must protect the welfare of their citizens.  Amending the Constitution   One of the most important decisions the framers made was to include a method for changing or adding to the Constitution. They wanted the government to be able to adapt as changes were needed. The process for amending the Constitution was made diffi- cult, however, so that major changes to the government would require the support of a large majority of voters. Two-thirds of each house of Con- gress and three-fourths of states must approve a change before it can take effect. Although many amendments, or changes to the Constitution, have been suggested, only twenty-seven have been approved. The purposes of these amendments have usually focused on protecting civil and voting rights, and on procedures for administering the government.  The Constitution Strengthens the National Government  Strengths of the Constitution  ✓   most power held by national government  ✓   three branches of government  ✓   legislative branch has many powers  ✓   executive branch led by president  ✓   judicial branch to review the laws  ✓   firm system of checks and balances  Weaknesses of the Articles of   Confederation  •   most power held by states  •   one branch of government  •   legislative branch has few powers  •   no executive branch  •   no judicial system  •   no system of checks and balances  Module 5 168Review Ideas, Terms, and People 1.   a. Recall   Why did the Confederation Congress call for a Constitutional Convention?  b. Elaborate   Why do you think it was important that most delegates had served in   state legislatures?  c. Make Inferences   Why did the delegates elect Washington as president of the Convention?  2.   a. Identify   What was the Great Compromise?  b. Draw Conclusions   How did state issues lead to debate over structure of the   legislature?  3.   a. Recall   How did the delegates resolve their debate on tariffs in the Commerce Compromise?  b. Explain   What was the debate between North and South over counting slave populations?  c. Contrast   How did delegates’ views differ   on the issue of the foreign slave trade?  4.   a. Recall   Why did the framers of the Constitution create a system of checks and   balances through the separation of   powers?  b. Analyze   How did federalism limit the power of the central government?  c. Evaluate   Did the Constitution resolve the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation? Explain your answer.  Critical Thinking  5.   Evaluate   What circumstances justified the decision of the delegates to draft a new constitution instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, as was originally planned?  6.   Identify Cause and Effect   In this lesson you learned about several issues that were resolved by compro- mise during the Constitutional Convention. Create a graphic organizer like the one below and use it to show how the compromises affected the framework of the new government.  7.   Compare and Contrast   How do the Articles of the Confederation and the Constitution each carry out democratic ideals?  8.   Draw Conclusions   Why is limited government impor- tant for maintaining popular sovereignty in a republic or representative democracy?  Lesson 3 Assessment Reading Check  Explain   How does the constitutional  system of government prevent government power from becoming too concentrated?  Even though the final draft of the Constitution was adopted by the  Convention, many disagreements still existed among the delegates. Debates continued around the power of state governments and the role of each branch. Almost as soon as the document was adopted, different interpretations of its language began to appear. Some of the disagreements affect the views of lawmakers even today, but the Constitution is still the guiding blueprint for the nation’s government.  Summary and Preview   The Constitution balanced power among three branches of the federal government but was only written after many com- promises. In the next lesson you will read about Antifederalist and Feder- alist views of the Constitution, and the struggle to get it approved by the states.  Compromise   Effect Forming a Government   169";